Which antibiotic is most commonly associated with the development of aplastic anemia?

Chloramphenicol is most commonly associated with the development of aplastic anemia due to its ability to cause bone marrow suppression. This antibiotic, once widely used for serious infections, can lead to idiosyncratic aplastic anemia in some patients. The mechanism involves the drug's interference with normal hematopoiesis, ultimately resulting in a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Due to its risk profile, chloramphenicol is not often the first-line choice for treatment anymore, especially in countries where safer alternatives are available. Aplastic anemia is a serious condition characterized by the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells, and chloramphenicol's association is particularly noted in certain patient populations.

Other antibiotics listed, such as sulfonamides, penicillin, and tetracycline, have differing side effect profiles and are less commonly linked to significant bone marrow suppression that would lead to aplastic anemia. Thus, chloramphenicol stands out as a notable risk factor among the options provided.